《养殖池塘底质管理》学习活动开始啦！！！（陆续更新中）

虫子的悲哀

      不久前，分享了一本简易手册——美国奥本大学渔业和水产联合部出版的《养殖池塘底质管理》   ，跟帖关注的人也比较多，都反映一个问题，这本手册居然英文版的，很多人只能望而却步，进来溜达一下看到是英文版的就走了。
      林文辉是珠江水产研究所的研究员，主要从事水产应用领域的研究（水化学、底质氧化还原电位等），翻译了奥本大学Boyd教授的池塘养殖水质、池塘养殖底质两本书，主要介绍水化学和底质的内容。而这本《养殖池塘低质管理》就是由奥本大学Boyd教授等人编写。林文辉翻译的《池塘养殖水质》《池塘养殖底质》这两本书稀缺，很多人都没见过其真容，网上更无这两本书的电子版。有人问我是否有这两本书，当然没有，故上网搜索Boyd教授的大作，《池塘养殖水质》《池塘养殖底质》这两本英文电子版的尚有，但不完整，有幸我找到了《养殖池塘底质管理》这本小手册与大家分享。可惜的是这本手册是英文版的，而我英文水平有限以及翻译要花大量时间，故不能翻译给大家，故今日想到一办法。我把手册上的内容一页一页贴上来，大家一起翻译，一起学习，如何？？？？
       下面全民学英语活动就正式开始拉？Are you ready?
第一页：
                                                                                   INTRODUCTION

                 Water quality management has been considered one of themost important aspects of pond aquaculture for many years,but less attention has been given to the management of pondbottom soil quality. There is increasing evidence that thecondition of pond bottoms and the exchange of substances between soil and water strongly influence water quality(Boyd, 1995). More attention is being devoted to the study of pond soils, and practical aquaculturists are beginning to seek information on pond bottom management.
               The purpose of this small manual is to provide a practicalguide to the management of aquaculture pond soils.

                                                   POND SOILS
Development
              During pond construction, surface soil in the area to become the pond bottom usually is scraped off and used as earth fill for embankments. The newly finished pond bottom normally is subsoil low in concentrations of organic matter and nutrients. In tropical and subtropical areas with highly leached soils, pond bottoms often are high in clay content and of low pH.After filling with water, various processes begin to transform the bottom of a new pond into a pond soil. Erosion of the watershed results in suspended particles of mineral soil and organic matter entering a pond in runoff. Wave action, rainfall, and water currents from mechanical aeration erode embankments and shallow edges to suspend soil particles. In addition,nutrients added to ponds in fertilizers, manures, and feeds cause phytoplankton blooms that increase the concentration of suspended organic particles. Suspended particles settle in ponds with large sand particles settling first, followed by

  接下来，就看大家了，赶紧动眼动脑动手，把它翻译过来或主要内容总结出来！！！！！！！！！！

虫子的悲哀

        等了这么久，也没人来参加翻译，{:soso_e150:}。
       我就来翻译一下吧，不知准不准确。大家觉得哪里翻译有错的，尽量提出来哈！！

                                                                                        前言
       多年来，水质管理一直被认为是池塘养殖 中最重要的环节，然而对池塘底质管理问题关注甚少。越来越多的证据显示，池塘底部状况以及底泥与水体界面之间的物质交换对养殖水体有着很大的影响（Boyd,1995）.人们对池塘底泥越来越关注，养殖专家们也开始从池塘底质管理中寻找更多有利信息。
       这本小手册可为大家提供养殖池塘底质管理的实际指导。
                                                                                        塘泥
塘泥的形成：
       在建造池塘时，土地表层土壤被挖去用作塘堤土方。新建的池塘底部通常缺乏有机物和营养成分。在热带及亚热带淋溶土分布地区，池塘底部常常含有丰富的粘土而且底部泥土PH也较低。
       新塘灌水后，各种反应作用下使新塘底部形成塘泥。水流的侵蚀使矿质土中的悬浮颗粒和有机物质溶入池塘水体。波浪作用、降雨以及机械曝气产生的水流不断侵蚀塘堤和浅水边缘使土壤微粒悬浮在水体中。随后，通过施肥、投料增加水体营养成分使浮游植物开始生长，水体中有机悬浮颗粒含量因此逐渐增多。刚开始时，有机悬浮颗粒伴随大沙粒进入池塘，随后，成为粉砂级颗粒，最后变为粘土颗粒进而完全被降解为小分子有机颗粒。

fishfirst

支持支持！！！！

一定要大力支持！

支持的童鞋奖20金币哦！

虫子的悲哀

第二页：

silt-sized particles, and finally clay particles and fine-divided organic matter. The names and sizes of soil particle classes are provided in Table 1. Water currents and activity of fish and other organisms continually resuspend particles from the bottom, and these particles settle again. Boyd (1976, 1977) reported that continuous input, deposition, resuspension, and redeposition of particles in a pond result in a sorting of particles with the fine clay and organic matter particles settling in the deeper water and the coarser particles settling in shallower water (Figure 1). Deeper areas gradually fill in, and ponds may decrease in volume. Sediment thickness in deep areas of aquaculture ponds usually increases at 0.5 to 1 cm yr-1(Munsiri et al., 1995; Tepe and Boyd, unpublished data).
         Organic matter settles to the bottom and is decomposed by microorganisms. Easily decomposable organic matter, such as simple carbohydrates, protein, and other cellular constituents, is quickly degraded. More resistant material, such as complex
carbohydrates and other cell wall components, accumulates because it is degraded slowly. There is a continuous input of organic matter to the bottom, so microorganisms are continuallydecomposing both fresh, easily degradable (labile)

恋水渔翁

虫子的悲哀 发表于 2012-5-31 09:10
等了这么久，也没人来参加翻译，。
       我就来翻译一下吧，不知准不准确。大家觉 ...

楼主是有道翻译的么？呵呵，挺不错的，能够边研究边学，这让我想起了若干年前的老一辈水产人，在没有汉语版的情况下，自己拿着一本破英汉字典在那昏暗的灯光下翻译，并记录！
这种精神，我是很佩服的！
愿你一路顺利！加油！坚持！顶一个！

蓝藻毒

支持 支持   大力赞扬楼主的精神，，我们这些文盲有救了，

虫子的悲哀

第二页翻译：
根据沙粒大小可把沙粒分为不同种类，详情见表1.

水流运动以及池塘中鱼和其他动物的运动不断使池底粘土再次悬浮，然后有沉淀。Boyd (1976, 1977)研究表明，水体中悬浮颗粒的连续不断的输入、沉积，再悬浮，再沉积使得粘土和有机颗粒沉入更深的底部，而较大的沙粒往往沉淀到浅水区（见图1）。深水区池底逐渐被淤泥覆盖，池塘容积缩小。池塘中沉积物以每年0.5~1cm的厚度增加（Munsiri 等1995; Tepe和Boyd, 未发表数据）。

  有机物沉淀到池底被微生物分解。易分解的有机物，如简单的碳水化合物、蛋白质和其他细胞成分很快被分解。那些耐腐蚀性的物质，如复杂碳水化合物和其他细胞壁成分由于分解缓慢而沉积。由于不断有新的有机物进入池塘底部，因此微生物不仅要不停地分解新的、易分解的有机物，而且还要分解以前旧的耐降解的有机物。

虫子的悲哀

第三页（这页大家来翻译）：
          Because there is a more or less continuous resuspension and redeposition of particles and stirring of the surface sediment by fish and other organisms, the organic matter becomes rather uniformly mixed in the upper layer of sediment. Nevertheless,there usually is a layer of fresh organic matter at the sediment surface that has not been completely mixed into the sediment. Organic matter concentration usually is greatest near the sediment surface (Munsiri et al., 1995). The ratio of labile organic matter to refractory organic matter also is greatest near the sediment surface (Sonnenholzner and Boyd, 2000).Organic matter concentrations in pond soils do not continue to increase indefinitely. If aquaculture practices—e.g., species; stocking, fertilization, and feeding rates; water exchange;amount of mechanical aeration; and treatment of fallowbottom between crops—remain about the same, the annual input of organic matter and rate of organic matter decomposition also will remain about the same (Avnimelech et al., 1984;Boyd, 1995).

看什么看，赶紧翻译！！！！

虫子的悲哀

翻译有奖，大家快来！！

xibeiyd

支持楼主，学习的好地方

xibeiyd

虫子的悲哀 发表于 2012-5-31 16:03
第三页（这页大家来翻译）：
          Because there is a more or less continuous resuspension and re ...

因为有一些不断悬浮和沉积的颗粒，以及鱼类和其他生物对表层沉积物的搅拌，所以上层沉积物有机质变得相当均匀混合。然而,通常会有一层新鲜的有机物质在沉积物表面,并未完全混合成沉积物。有机物质浓度通常是最大的沉积物表面附近(Munsiri et al., 1995)活性有机质与难降解有机物的比例也是在沉积物表面附近最大。(Sonnenholzner and Boyd, 2000)池塘土壤中的有机质含量不能无限地增加下去。如果养殖活动稳定的话，例如，养殖品种;存塘量，施肥，投饲率;换水;增氧;和底部植物休整保持大致相同，每年投入的有机物和有机物的分解率也将保持大致相同(Avnimelech et al., 1984;Boyd, 1995).

软件翻译，如有不妥，敬请谅解！

虫子的悲哀

第四页（最近忙着复习考试，大家帮忙翻译下）：
       New ponds usually have little organic matter in bottom soil, and the labile organic matter added each year will largely decompose, while a considerable proportion of refractory organic matter will accumulate (Boyd, 1995). Over a fairly short period, often only four or five crops, organic matter in the soil will reach a high enough concentration that the annualrate of decomposition of organic matter will equal the an nual input of organic matter. At this time, equilibrium will occur and soil organic matter concentrations will remain about the same from year to year.
        Dissolved oxygen cannot enter rapidly in bottom soil because it must diffuse through the tiny, water-filled pore spacesamong soil particles. At a depth of only a few millimeters below the soil surface, the demand for dissolved oxygen by microorganisms will exceed the rate that dissolved oxygen can move to that particular depth, and anaerobic conditions will develop. The oxidized (aerobic) layer of surface sediment will have a lighter color than the deeper, reduced (anaerobic) sediment. The anaerobic sediment usually will be gray or black, and this color results from the presence of ferrous iron.

lijiepascal

哥们，我服你了。
真的翻译出来了，我一般就是看，不想翻译。{:soso_e179:}

多翻译吧，促进大家成长

lijiepascal

lijiepascal 发表于 2012-6-6 17:41
哥们，我服你了。
真的翻译出来了，我一般就是看，不想翻译。

上班族，你理解哈
时间不固定

虾兵鱼将

我预计这个帖子会太监  翻译不会超过50页   哈哈

虫子的悲哀

虾兵鱼将 发表于 2012-6-11 17:19
我预计这个帖子会太监  翻译不会超过50页   哈哈

大虾，支持一下嘛，帮忙翻译一页

早晨的海

New ponds usually have little organic matter in bottom soil, and the labile organic matter added each year will largely decompose, while a considerable proportion of refractory organic matter will accumulate (Boyd, 1995). Over a fairly short period,

新池塘通常有小有机物在底部的土壤,和不安定有机物每年增加将很大程度上分解,尽管有相当比例的难降解有机物质将积累(博伊德,1995)。相当短时间内,

早晨的海

often only four or five crops, organic matter in the soil will reach a high enough concentration that the annualrate of decomposition of organic matter will equal the an nual input of organic matter. At this time, equilibrium will occur and soil organic matter. At this time, equilibrium will occur and soil organic matter concentrations will remain about the same from year to year.



通常只有四或五作物、土壤中的有机物将达到足够高的浓度,annualrate的分解有机物将等于一个nual输入的有机物质。在这个时候,平衡会发生和土壤有机物质。在这个时候,平衡会发生和土壤有机质浓度保持不变年复一年。

虫子的悲哀

早晨的海 发表于 2012-6-22 10:27
New ponds usually have little organic matter in bottom soil, and the labile organic matter added eac ...

这位新手，是谁呢？感谢帮助呀！！

早晨的海

我们都是养殖朋友能帮上的就相互帮忙，共同致富为目标。